The sclera is a dense poorly vascularized connective tissue structure composed of Types I, III, IV, V, VI, and VIII collagen. The characteristic blue sclera is caused by thinness and transparency of the collagen fibers of the sclera that allow visualization of the underlying uvea. The sclera may be thinned in congenital diseases such as osteogenesis imperfecta or in acquired diseases such as iron deficiency anemia.

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Fortification means to intensify or strengthen the medication, to achieve adequate drug concentration. Fortified antimicrobials are not commercially available, thus should be, prepared of optimal constitution in a sterile pharmaceutical dispensary. This article provides guidelines on topical fortified therapy dosage concentration and methodology of preparation of drugs for patients with infectious keratitis. Acquaintance on fortified antimicrobial medication, its appropriate usage and timely intervention will help us to treat most of the resistant microbial keratitis and prevent the need for surgical intervention.

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Prisms are used in diagnosis and Therapy of Ophthalmic disorders. Prismotherapy provides symptomatic relief not only in many kinds of squints, but also in non strabismic conditions like convergence insufficiency, nystagmus, heminopia etc. One of the most important therapeutic skill we have acquire in this direction, is the localisation of such clinical needs and the timely use of the wonderful therapeutic functions of prisms for the relief of such conditions. Thin Fresnel prisms are now more used in clinical practice.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of biosimilar intravitreal ranibizumab (Razumab) for the treatment of chorioretinal vascular diseases such as diabetic macular edema (DME), neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), and macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusions (RVOs). Methods: A prospective analysis was performed on consented patients with DME (Group 1), nAMD (Group 2), and macular edema secondary to RVO (Group 3). All patients received Razumab at baseline. Snellen visual acuity assessment, anterior segment and fundus evaluation, fundus photo, and optical coherence tomography imaging were done at days 0, 1, 7, and 30, respectively. The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standard electroretinography (ERG) was performed at baseline and day 30 (23 eyes who could afford the investigation). Primary and secondary outcome measures were safety parameters that included signs of clinical and ERG toxicity and changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT), respectively. Results: One hundred and twenty-three eyes of 95 patients received biosimilar intravitreal ranibizumab injection between November 2015 and April 2016. No serious drug-related ocular or systemic adverse events were identified. Mean pretreatment BCVA was 0.67 ± 0.41 logMAR with CMT 345.90 ± 128.84 μm and postinjection BCVA at day 30 was 0.57 ± 0.37 logMAR with CMT reducing to 287.66 ± 90.28 μm, indicating statistical significance (P = 0.001 and P< 0.0001, respectively) for all groups. Conclusion: The biosimilar intravitreal ranibizumab for DME, nAMD, and macular edema secondary to RVO was tolerated over a month with improvements in BCVA and CMT without detectable ocular and systemic toxicity. While the long-term safety and efficacy remain unknown, these short-term results suggest that biosimilar ranibizumab could become a safe, low-cost therapy for macular diseases.

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Shield ulcer is a severe form of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Shield ulcer is an uncommon, incapacitating corneal manifestation that occurs in 3%–11% of patients suffering from VKC. Patients might present with intense itching, sensitivity to light, and “ropy” discharge from the eyes. Shield ulcer, as a rare complication of VKC, should always be kept in mind for patients suffering from vernal conjunctivitis.

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The first iPhone was released in 2007 and the first Android phone in 2008. Ten years later, smartphones are becoming ubiquitous. They now have more advanced sensors, cameras and more processing power, which have allowed several innovative apps to be made, which were not possible a few years ago. These apps will change the way we interact with patients and with clinical data, provide affordable and advanced testing, enhance the way we learn, and hopefully improve doctor–patient interactions. However, most of these apps are made without professional input and needvalidation before use. We try to review the current landscape of Smartphone Apps in Ophthalmology.

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Inflammatory macular diseases, a group of disorders, are a major cause of severe visual impairment. They may be caused by primary ocular disease or secondary to systemic or infectious disease. All of them present with almost similar symptoms. The key to successful management is early detection and aggressive treatment with steroids, antimicrobials, and if needed, immunosuppressives. Risk of recurrences and complications, such as choroidal neovascularization, are taken in to account in the management.

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Retinal vein occlusion is commonly seen in the elderly.This article aims to comprehensively discuss the etiology,classification,risk factors and latest modalities of management of this condition.

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Eyelid malpositions are the result of forces acting upon the eyelid margin. A normal eyelid should have a quick return snap to the eyeball. Frequently, tendon laxity at the medial and lateral canthi will render the eyelid margin unstable making it susceptible to contractile forces. Based on the contractile forces either entropion, ectropion, retraction or lagophthalmos can occur. The goal in treating a given eyelid malposition is to reposition the eyelid so that the new healing forces will overcome the pathologic forces. The common approaches include eyelid and canthal tendon tightening, eyelid retractor advancement or recession and skin grafting or transposition flaps. This review article briefly describes the various aspects of lid malpositions in detail.

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Aurolab aqueous drainage implant is a nonvalved tube implant used to treat refractory glaucoma. Although implanting the device could be surgically more demanding than certain other drainage devices, the author aims to describe the techniques which enable him to perform the surgery safely and efficiently.

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Convergence insufficiency is a common disorder of binocular vision in children and young adults. Common symptoms include eyestrain, headache, blurred vision, double vision, etc., Diagnosis of the condition involves a battery of tests for assessment of refraction, convergence, and accommodative functions. Management involves proper refractive correction, prism, and vision therapy. This review stresses on the systematic evaluation of this condition and the common treatment strategies employed.

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A 47-year-old patient with a swelling of the left upper eyelid, redness, proptosis, and defective vision of few days duration was seen in our clinic. The history, examination, and investigations were suggestive of cavernous sinus thrombosis complicating orbital cellulitis. The patient was admitted and treated by a team of specialists including ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and hematology. Patient recovered fully after 3 weeks of treatment. This case report is being presented to highlight the importance of careful clinical examination and high index of suspicion in recognizing such a serious complication.

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Aim: To study the effectiveness of prisms in relieving diplopia in patients with superior oblique palsies. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of all patients with superior oblique palsies who were prescribed prisms for relief of symptomatic diplopia in our institute from September 2013 to March 2015. A detailed analysis was performed of demographic features of the patients; nature, onset, duration, and course of diplopia; measurement of deviation in all gazes; diplopia charting; assessment of torsion; systemic risk factors; and amount and type of prism given. The effectiveness of prisms was measured by an objective score by the examiner as well as a subjective score reported by the patient. Results: Among the total 25 patients, 21 patients had acquired superior oblique palsies and 4 patients had congenital causes. Males outnumbered females. Majority had unilateral involvement. Deviation in primary position ranged from 3 Prism Dioptre to 25 PD with 80% having less than 10 PD. Seventy-six percent had less than 10° torsion in primary gaze. Eighty-eight percent were given less than 10 PD prisms, 12% were given more than 10 PD, of which two were Fresnel Prisms. Seventy-six percent were satisfied with the prisms. Fifty-two percent had spontaneous improvement whereas 16% needed surgery. Conclusion: Prisms were effective in relieving diplopia in most of the acquired unilateral superior oblique palsies where the primary deviation was less than 10 PD and torsion was less than 10°.

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Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disease that affects premature infants. ROP is on a rise in India as a result of the improved neonatal care and better neonatal survival rate. Identifying and screening of at-risk premature infants performed by an experienced ophthalmologist remains the most important strategy in the management of ROP. In developing countries, the introduction of Retcam-assisted screening enables screening and follow-up of the rural population where an experienced ophthalmologist may not be available. Currently, laser photocoagulation of avascular retina has replaced cryotherapy as the gold standard treatment for ROP depending on the severity of disease. Among the various ongoing treatment approaches currently under trial to suppress the neovascularization, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs provide valuable and encouraging information, especially in Zone 1 disease. Although many ongoing animal trials aimed at finding an ideal treatment have come out with newer treatment options, their safety and efficacy in humans are yet to be established.

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Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in recent times has been used in treatment for a variety of autoimmune diseases and dermatological and rheumatological conditions. Retinal toxicity from HCQ and its analog chloroquine has been recognized for many years. Retinal toxicity secondary to HCQ is irreversible and can continue to progress even after cessation of therapy. Prompt screening and serial monitoring, with the utilization of imaging modalities, is of paramount importance to early detection.

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The bullous variant is a rare manifestation of central serous retinopathy (CSR). Multiple therapeutic approaches have been described to treat these bullous detachments which mainly involve laser photocoagulation or surgical drainage. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of oral eplerenone in the treatment of the bullous variant of CSR. A 44-year-old female presented to us with diminution of vision in the left eye (OS) for 1 month. On clinical examination, she was diagnosed to have a chronic CSR in both eyes along with a bullous retinal detachment in the OS which was confirmed on multimodal imaging. She underwent focal laser, which failed to resolve the bullous variant in the OS, then the patient was started on oral eplerenone for 3 months. At 3-month follow-up, the ultrasound scan of the OS confirmed resolution of the bullous detachment, and some residual subretinal fluid could be noted at the posterior pole. This was maintained till 6-month follow-up. Oral eplerenone can be an effective, cheap, and safer alternative in treating patients with nonresolving bullous detachments secondary to chronic CSR.

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Myopic strabismus fixus is a rare condition seen in high myopes and presents with sudden onset of strabismus. This case report describes a high myopic patient who presented with acute onset strabismus and was successfully treated with loop myopexy of superior rectus and lateral rectus muscles.

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Context: Central corneal thickness (CCT) was assumed to be a constant when Goldmann designed his applanation tonometer. Knowledge of the CCT is of importance in the assessment of intraocular pressures (IOPs). Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the association of CCT with ocular, demographic, and metabolic factors such as age, race, gender, smoking, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, corneal curvature, and axial length. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 166 patients aged between 30 and 70 years who had presented for routine eye checkup from January 1, 2014, to July 1, 2015, in our Ophthalmology Department. Subjects and Methods: Patient parameters were recorded using an interview schedule, and complete ocular examination, including visual acuity and IOPs, were recorded. CCT was measured using PacScan Plus A-Scan/Pachymeter. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean CCT across different variables were compared using ANOVA and t-test. Further analysis was done using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: On univariate analysis, it was found that age, presence, and duration of diabetes, elevated fasting blood sugar levels, alcohol consumption, corneal curvature (in diopters), and IOP were associated with CCT. Multivariate analysis showed significant association of CCT with age, duration of diabetes, corneal curvature, and IOP (P < 0.05). Conclusions: From our study, we concluded that CCT was significantly associated with age, duration of diabetes, corneal curvature, and IOP. Duration of diabetes and IOP showed a positive correlation with CCT whereas age and corneal curvature showed a negative correlation.

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Rosacea is a multisystem disorder and to the general practitioner, involvement of the skin is what comes to the mind first of all. A broad array of ocular manifestations encompasses this condition and ocular examination is as essential as examination of other part of body when rosacea is talked about. Here, we present an in depth review of ocular rosacea so that adequate knowledge is shared among all the doctors regarding thglalit7@gmail.come subject.

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The technology of three-dimensional (3D) printing has evolved over the past few years with cumulative improvements in the resolution, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and speed of this highly customizable manufacturing process. Ophthalmologists have designed multiple 3D printed smartphone based fundus cameras with some of the designs available as open-source for all to download and 3D-print. Now, the technology has been used for anything from eyewear and medical devices to printing of live cells and tissues like an artificial cornea. It also has uses in education and surgical planning. The author had the opportunity to work with a 3D printer and make some of these models. The future is bright for innovations in this field as we are only beginning to understand the capabilities of this technology.

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Background: Eye sight is very important for human life. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every 5 seconds someone goes blind. Globally, 37 million people are blind, and of these nearly 10 lakh blind people are willing for corneal transplantation. Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding eye donation among the students. Materials and Methods: The data were collected by the questionnaire method from medical and paramedical students at Al Ameen Medical College, Bijapur. Data collected from the participants were analyzed using percentage and descriptive statistics. Results: Out of the 250 students, 60.4% were Muslim by religion. The participants were wellaware of eye donation (99.2%) quoting media as a major source of information for their knowledge. Attitude regarding eye donation in few (45.6%) was different as it was against their religious belief, although they said it was a service to the mankind (92%). Out of the 250 students, 48% were willing to pledge and 52% students did not believe in pledging their eyes. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that overall knowledge about eye donation among students was good, however the attitude and practice showed mixed responses.

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Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular childhood malignancy, and it is considered potentially fatal if untreated. The management of RB has undergone a tremendous leap in the past four decades, with a global effort to save life along with eye and vision. Despite the on-going genetic and clinical research, there is a lack of clinical expertise and understanding of optimal management as it is customized and has to be tailored individually depending on various factors. In this review, we explore the management of RB and various chemotherapeutic alternatives using intravenous chemotherapy and the newer modalities such as intra-arterial and intravitreal chemotherapy in combating this deadly but curable disease. The strategy of management is challenging and mainly depends on the stage of the disease and tumor laterality.

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Genetic factors are assumed to contribute to determining an individual's risk for the development of DR and for progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). This article aims to review the developments concerned with the genetics of DR.

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Smartphone based fundus photography may have a role in teleophthalmology. In this article, we discuss our initial experience with DIYretCAM, a do it yourself smartphone retinal camera attachment, that is a cost-effective alternative to conventional fundus camera.

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